Por que libaneses estão buscando abrigo na Síria?
Em uma reviravolta geopolítica que poucos previam, murado de 500 milénio libaneses, incluindo uma grande parcela de refugiados xiitas, estão buscando refúgio na Síria.
O país, que ao longo da última dezena foi o epicentro de um dos maiores deslocamentos de refugiados do mundo, agora é visto uma vez que um porto seguro para aqueles que fogem da guerra e da instabilidade no Líbano. Desde setembro, muitos têm atravessado a pé a fronteira, segundo reportagem da The Economist.
Para os refugiados sírios que já residiam no Líbano, a recente crise representa uma chance de retorno ao seu país de origem. Para os libaneses, principalmente os xiitas, a Síria parece oferecer uma segurança relativa.
Secção desse fluxo migratório é incentivado pelo governo de Bashar al-Assad, que facilita a ingressão dos refugiados ao isentar libaneses da taxa de US$ 100 (R$ 575) na fronteira, enquanto mantém barreiras para os sírios exilados, considerados ameaças potenciais ao regime.
Conflitos sectários e segurança precária
O movimento de libaneses para a Síria reflete o agravamento das condições econômicas e sociais no Líbano. A desvalorização da libra libanesa e a falta de serviços básicos tornam a vida insustentável para muitos. Em contraste, na devastada Síria, mantimentos distribuídos pela ONU e aluguéis baixos, mesmo com infraestrutura limitada, proporcionam uma quesito mais conseguível para aqueles que perderam tudo.
O governo de Assad vê nessa população de refugiados uma oportunidade de reconfiguração demográfica que favoreça seu controle, substituindo a maioria sunita por minorias mais favoráveis ao regime.
Ao mesmo tempo, a presença de libaneses xiitas atrai tensões regionais. Muitos deles são suspeitos de relação com o Hezbollah, o que desperta o interesse de Israel, que vê nessa transmigração uma potencial prenúncio. O aumento da presença militar israelense na Síria, com ataques aéreos e incursões, expõe ainda mais os refugiados aos perigos da guerra. Os próprios sírios veem o fluxo libanês com preocupação, temendo que a ingressão dos vizinhos traga a guerra para dentro de suas fronteiras.
A tensão cresce entre os sírios
O ressentimento entre a população sítio também é visível. Muitos sírios lembram das ações do Hezbollah durante a guerra social do país, onde a milícia libanesa interveio diretamente, transformando cidades inteiras em campos de guerra e expandindo a produção de captagon, uma substância ilícita que se tornou a principal exportação da Síria.
Em Homs, cidade próxima à fronteira libanesa, uma moradora alertou: “Vocês não conseguem se proteger, logo não tragam o conflito para nós.”
Diante das dificuldades na Síria, uma segmento dos refugiados opta por seguir adiante para o Iraque, onde os laços sectários com a comunidade xiita são mais fortes. Em cidades uma vez que Karbala e Basra, a presença de libaneses se torna cada vez mais generalidade, e muitos encontram abrigo em imóveis adquiridos pelo Hezbollah durante o auge do mercado imobiliário iraquiano.
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Mourners in the Nahr al-Bared camp for Palestinian refugees gather for the funeral of commanders of the Popular Front For the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) group who were killed by an overnight Israeli air strike in Beirut, at the camp near Lebanon’s northern city of Tripoli on September 30, 2024. (Photo by Fathi AL-MASRI / AFP)
(LEBANON-ISRAEL-PALESTINIAN-CONFLICT)![Mourners in the Nahr al-Bared camp for Palestinian refugees gather for the funeral of commanders of the Popular Front For the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) group who were killed by an overnight Israeli air strike in Beirut, at the camp near Lebanon's northern city of Tripoli on September 30, 2024. (Photo by Fathi AL-MASRI / AFP)]( "Mourners in the Nahr al-Bared camp for Palestinian refugees gather for the funeral of commanders of the Popular Front For the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) group who were killed by an overnight Israeli air strike in Beirut, at the camp near Lebanon's northern city of Tripoli on September 30, 2024. (Photo by Fathi AL-MASRI / AFP)")
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Mourners in the Nahr al-Bared camp for Palestinian refugees gather for the funeral of commanders of the Popular Front For the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) group who were killed by an overnight Israeli air strike in Beirut, at the camp near Lebanon’s northern city of Tripoli on September 30, 2024. (Photo by Fathi AL-MASRI / AFP)
(LEBANON-ISRAEL-PALESTINIAN-CONFLICT)![A fighter fires live rounds into the air from an assault rifle during the funeral of two commanders and one member of the Popular Front For the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) group who were killed by an overnight Israeli air strike in Beirut, at the Beddawi camp for Palestinian refugees near Lebanon's northern city of Tripoli on September 30, 2024. (Photo by Fathi AL-MASRI / AFP)]( "A fighter fires live rounds into the air from an assault rifle during the funeral of two commanders and one member of the Popular Front For the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) group who were killed by an overnight Israeli air strike in Beirut, at the Beddawi camp for Palestinian refugees near Lebanon's northern city of Tripoli on September 30, 2024. (Photo by Fathi AL-MASRI / AFP)")
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A fighter fires live rounds into the air from an assault rifle during the funeral of two commanders and one member of the Popular Front For the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) group who were killed by an overnight Israeli air strike in Beirut, at the Beddawi camp for Palestinian refugees near Lebanon’s northern city of Tripoli on September 30, 2024. (Photo by Fathi AL-MASRI / AFP)
(LEBANON-ISRAEL-PALESTINIAN-CONFLICT)![Mourners gather by ambulances transporting the bodies of two commanders and one member of the Popular Front For the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) who were killed by an overnight Israeli air strike in Beirut, during the funeral at the Beddawi camp for Palestinian refugees near Lebanon's northern city of Tripoli on September 30, 2024. (Photo by Fathi AL-MASRI / AFP)]( "Mourners gather by ambulances transporting the bodies of two commanders and one member of the Popular Front For the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) who were killed by an overnight Israeli air strike in Beirut, during the funeral at the Beddawi camp for Palestinian refugees near Lebanon's northern city of Tripoli on September 30, 2024. (Photo by Fathi AL-MASRI / AFP)")
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Mourners gather by ambulances transporting the bodies of two commanders and one member of the Popular Front For the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) who were killed by an overnight Israeli air strike in Beirut, during the funeral at the Beddawi camp for Palestinian refugees near Lebanon’s northern city of Tripoli on September 30, 2024. (Photo by Fathi AL-MASRI / AFP)
(LEBANON-ISRAEL-PALESTINIAN-CONFLICT)![Conflitos no Oriente Médio: sem sinal de solução à vista]( "Conflitos no Oriente Médio: sem sinal de solução à vista")
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Conflitos no Oriente Médio: sem sinal de solução à vista
(LEBANOJN-ISRAEL-PALESTINIAN-CONFLICT)![Iranians hold pictures of Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah, who was killed in an Israeli air strike on Beirut's southern suburbs on September 27, during an anti-Israel protest in Palestine Square in Tehran on September 30, 2024. (Photo by ATTA KENARE / AFP)]( "Iranians hold pictures of Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah, who was killed in an Israeli air strike on Beirut's southern suburbs on September 27, during an anti-Israel protest in Palestine Square in Tehran on September 30, 2024. (Photo by ATTA KENARE / AFP)")
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Iranians hold pictures of Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah, who was killed in an Israeli air strike on Beirut’s southern suburbs on September 27, during an anti-Israel protest in Palestine Square in Tehran on September 30, 2024. (Photo by ATTA KENARE / AFP)
(IRAN-LEBANON-PALESTINIAN-ISRAEL-CONFLICT)![Iranians hold pictures of Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah, who was killed in an Israeli air strike on Beirut's southern suburbs on September 27, during an anti-Israel protest in Palestine Square in Tehran on September 30, 2024. (Photo by ATTA KENARE / AFP)]( "Iranians hold pictures of Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah, who was killed in an Israeli air strike on Beirut's southern suburbs on September 27, during an anti-Israel protest in Palestine Square in Tehran on September 30, 2024. (Photo by ATTA KENARE / AFP)")
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Iranians hold pictures of Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah, who was killed in an Israeli air strike on Beirut’s southern suburbs on September 27, during an anti-Israel protest in Palestine Square in Tehran on September 30, 2024. (Photo by ATTA KENARE / AFP)
(IRAN-LEBANON-PALESTINIAN-ISRAEL-CONFLICT)![]()
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A picture taken from northern Israel, along the border with southern Lebanon, on September 30, 2024 shows a fire following Israeli bombardment on an area of south Lebanon. The Israeli military said Tuesday troops have started “targeted ground raids” in villages of southern Lebanon. The incursions backed by airstrikes and artillery began “a few hours ago” and are targeting militant group Hezbollah “in villages close to the border” with Israel, a military statement said. (Photo by Jalaa MAREY / AFP)
(LEBANON-ISRAEL-PALESTINIAN-CONFLICT)![]()
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Smoke rises from the site of an Israeli airstrike that targeted a neighborhood in Beiruts southern suburb early on October 1, 2024. The Israeli military said Tuesday troops have started “targeted ground raids” in villages of southern Lebanon. The incursions backed by airstrikes and artillery began “a few hours ago” and are targeting militant group Hezbollah “in villages close to the border” with Israel, a military statement said. (Photo by Fadel ITANI / AFP)
(Exchanges of fire on Lebanon-Israel border after Hamas offensive)![]()
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Smoke rises from the site of an Israeli airstrike that targeted a neighborhood in Beiruts southern suburb early on October 1, 2024. The Israeli military said Tuesday troops have started “targeted ground raids” in villages of southern Lebanon. The incursions backed by airstrikes and artillery began “a few hours ago” and are targeting militant group Hezbollah “in villages close to the border” with Israel, a military statement said. (Photo by Fadel ITANI / AFP)
(Exchanges of fire on Lebanon-Israel border after Hamas offensive)![Smoke rises from the site of an Israeli airstrike that targeted a neighborhood in Beiruts southern suburb early on October 1, 2024. A Lebanese security official said Israel had conducted at least six strikes on south Beirut in the night from Monday to Tuesday, after Israel's army called on residents in the Hezbollah stronghold to evacuate. (Photo by ETIENNE TORBEY / AFP)]( "Smoke rises from the site of an Israeli airstrike that targeted a neighborhood in Beiruts southern suburb early on October 1, 2024. A Lebanese security official said Israel had conducted at least six strikes on south Beirut in the night from Monday to Tuesday, after Israel's army called on residents in the Hezbollah stronghold to evacuate. (Photo by ETIENNE TORBEY / AFP)")
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Smoke rises from the site of an Israeli airstrike that targeted a neighborhood in Beiruts southern suburb early on October 1, 2024. A Lebanese security official said Israel had conducted at least six strikes on south Beirut in the night from Monday to Tuesday, after Israel’s army called on residents in the Hezbollah stronghold to evacuate. (Photo by ETIENNE TORBEY / AFP)
(Exchanges of fire on Lebanon-Israel border after Hamas offensive)
